Throat pain, commonly known as a sore throat, is discomfort, scratchiness, or irritation in the throat.
It may result from infections, irritants, or other underlying conditions.

• Viral infections – colds, flu, COVID-19, or mononucleosis
• Bacterial infections – such as strep throat (streptococcal infection)
• Allergies and irritants – dust, smoke, pollution, or acid reflux
• Tonsillitis and pharyngitis – inflammation of the tonsils or throat tissues
• Voice strain – excessive talking, shouting, or singing

• Pain, scratchiness, or burning sensation in the throat
• Difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing
• Swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches
• Hoarseness or change in voice
• Swollen neck glands
• Fever, cough, or runny nose (depending on the cause)

An ENT specialist may:

• Examine the throat and tonsils with a light or scope
• Check ears and nose for related issues
• Perform a throat swab to test for bacterial infections (e.g., strep test)
• Order blood tests in certain cases (e.g., mononucleosis)

Medical management

• Viral infections: rest, hydration, pain relievers (antibiotics are not effective)
• Bacterial infections: antibiotics if confirmed by tests
• Acid reflux: lifestyle changes, antacids, or reflux medication
• Allergy-related pain: antihistamines, nasal sprays, or allergen avoidance

Surgical management (for recurring or severe cases)

• Tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils) may be considered for repeated tonsillitis

• Drink plenty of warm fluids and stay hydrated
• Use throat lozenges or salt-water gargles
• Avoid smoking and exposure to irritants
• Use a humidifier in dry environments
• Rest your voice if strained

• Severe or persistent throat pain lasting more than a week
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• High fever or swollen glands that do not improve
• Blood in saliva or phlegm
• Recurrent sore throats affecting daily life